Pedophilia: Understanding the Origins and Problems within the Criminal Justice System

Societal stigma, criminal sanctions, and the mental illness or disorder of pedophilia are explored in this paper because of the considerable research gaps that have accumulated over the past decade. Most of the data acquired regarding individuals with pedophilia have been predominantly from male offenders, with most of the information coming from reports to local law enforcement and the FBI. The outcome of multiple studies shows that neuroimaging, associated brainwaves, and related sexual attraction are significantly different for individuals with pedophiliac tendencies than for others. Studies also reveal that research has been limited to prevention techniques and therapy for nonoffenders seeking help as well as the criminal justice system\u27s definition of pedophilia. Most minor-attracted people are subjected to self-reporting, and the definition of pedophiliac tendencies within mental illness is vague and can be misused. Additionally, many reporting systems and avenues exist for professionals working with individuals with pedophilia. Still, mandatory reporting has long been part managing mental illness and the potential for offending or reoffending. Using qualitative research methods, this approach is assessed in light of newer studies and interviews with mental health professionals; examination results show that pedophilia is both a mental disorder and a criminal consideration for which society currently has no established proactive measures to prevent offenses. The need and potential for handling pedophiliac acts before they can occur, the accurate risk assessment of pedophilia in the criminal justice system, and society\u27s view of the topic are all judged based on previous treatment options that have not worked

Cross-Protection against Lethal H5N1 Challenge in Ferrets with an Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza Vaccine

Background. Unprecedented spread between birds and mammals of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype has resulted in hundreds of human infections with a high fatality rate. This has highlighted the urgent need for the development of H5N1 vaccines that can be produced rapidly and in sufficient quantities. Potential

Immune Biomarkers Predictive of Respiratory Viral Infection in Elderly Nursing Home Residents

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To determine if immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence predict risk of respiratory viral infection in elderly nursing home residents.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Residents ≥65 years from 32 nursing homes in 4 Canadian cities were enrolled in Fall 2009, 2010 and 2011, and followed for one influenza season. Following influenza vaccination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained and analysed by flow cytometry for T-regs, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets (CCR7+CD45RA+, CCR7-CD45RA+ and CD28-CD57+) and CMV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained and tested for viruses in symptomatic residents. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex and frailty, determined the relationship between immune phenotypes and time to viral infection.</p><p>Results</p><p>1072 residents were enrolled; median age 86 years and 72% female. 269 swabs were obtained, 87 were positive for virus: influenza (24%), RSV (14%), coronavirus (32%), rhinovirus (17%), human metapneumovirus (9%) and parainfluenza (5%). In multivariable analysis, high T-reg% (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20–0.81) and high CMV-reactive CD4+ T-cell% (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.03–2.78) were predictive of respiratory viral infection.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In elderly nursing home residents, high CMV-reactive CD4+ T-cells were associated with an increased risk and high T-regs were associated with a reduced risk of respiratory viral infection.</p></div

Baseline characteristics of the nursing home elderly.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the nursing home elderly.</p

Respiratory viruses present in symptomatic elderly nursing home residents.

<p>*One patient had mixed influenza A and rhinovirus.</p><p>Respiratory viruses present in symptomatic elderly nursing home residents.</p

Immune phenotype predictors of respiratory viral infection in univariable and multivariable analysis.

<p>*Final model adjusted for age, sex, frailty, high T-reg% and high CMV-reactive CD4+ T-cell%.</p><p>Immune phenotype predictors of respiratory viral infection in univariable and multivariable analysis.</p

Gating strategy for CMV-reactive T cells.

<p>PBMC were stimulated with pp65 peptides to identify CMV-reactive T-cells. As a negative control, PBMC were stimulated with DMSO. Subsequently, the T-cells were stained for surface markers and intracellular cytokines. To define the CMV-reactive T-cells, the flow data was gated on singlet lymphocytes (as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108481#pone-0108481-g001" target="_blank">Figures 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108481#pone-0108481-g002" target="_blank">2</a>) and subsequently gated on CD3+CD8+ cells and CD3+CD4+. The plots show intracellular cytokine staining results for a single patient. CMV-reactive T-cells were defined as IFN-γ+ TNF-α+.</p